Mental Workbench

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====== Inspecting Git repository ======

===== The Three Main States =====

^ State ^ Location ^ Description ^ Method of inspection ^
| Commited | .git directory | Stored in DB | ''git log'' ''git show'' ''...'' |
| Modified | Working directory | Changed | ''git status'' ''git diff'' |
| Staged | Staging area (.git/index) | Changed and marked for next commit to the DB | ''git status'' |

Staging area has many names:
  * Index
  * Cache
  * Directory cache
  * Current directory cache
  * Staging area
  * Staged files

===== Revision =====
There are many ways to distinguish a specific commit from Git repository.
 
  - ''**SHA**'' (hash) - The [[wp>SHA-1]] algorithm is used to create a unique 40-byte hexadecimal string in many corners of git. The SHA (hash-object cat-file)
  - (refnames, refs)
    - ''**Branch reference**'' (heads) - Branches in Git are nothing more than pointers to the commit. Branch reference is a SHA value of the most recent commit and it is updated with each new commit added. (show rev-parse show-ref)
    - ''**Tag reference**'' - Similar to Branch reference but does not change with new commits. (git describe)
    - ''**HEAD**'' (''**@**'') - Note the capital letters. Points to the current commit. (git describe)
    - ''**Other**'' like FETCH_HEAD, MERGE_HEAD, CHERRY_PICK_HEAD, ORIG_HEAD
    - ''**<refname>@{<date>}**'' - For example ''master@{yesterday}'', ''HEAD@{5 minutes ago}''. Note: Date parsing is undocumented but the parser [[https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/date.c|code]] can be accessed on github.
    - ''**<refname>@{n}**'' - For example ''master@{7}'' returns 7th prior commit from master head.
    - ''**<refname>@{-n}**'' - For example ''@{-2}'' returns 2nd commit checked out before current one.
    - ''**<branchname>@{upstream}**'' ''git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{u}''
    - ''**<rev>^n**''
    - ''**<rev>~n**''
    - more ...
==== Walking the tree with ''^'' and ''~'' ====
<code>
A =      = A^0
B = A^   = A^1     = A~1
C = A^2  = A^2
D = A^^  = A^1^1   = A~2
E = B^2  = A^^2
F = B^3  = A^^3
G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
H = D^2  = B^^2    = A^^^2  = A~2^2
I = F^   = B^3^    = A^^3^
J = F^2  = B^3^2   = A^^3^2
</code>
==== Tree ====
(idea taken from [[https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitrevisions.html|here]])

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===== Range =====
  - ''<rev>'' - ancestors of commit revision
  - ''^<rev>''
  - ''<rev1>..<rev2>'' - reachable from rev2 but exclude reachable from rev1 (none is HEAD)
  - ''<rev1>...<rev2>'' - reachable from either but not both (none is HEAD)
  - more ...

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7251477/what-are-the-differences-between-double-dot-and-triple-dot-in-git-dif
===== Reflog =====
"Log of references" - list of updates to the references

''git reflog''

===== Diff =====
Show difference between working directory (or index if ''--cached'') and commited.

===== Merge-Base =====

===== Debugging with Git =====

| ''blame'' | Line-by-line who last modified line |
| ''grep'' | Search files for given expression |
| ''bisect'' | Manually switch between commits until the one that introduces a chenge is found |


===== References =====
https://github.com/MaciejKucia/git_tree

  * http://gitref.org/inspect/
  * https://www.atlassian.com/git/tutorials/inspecting-a-repository/
  * https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitrevisions.html
  * https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Revision-Selection
  * https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Viewing-the-Commit-History
  * https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison
  * https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Commands-Debugging
  * http://www.sbf5.com/~cduan/technical/git/git-1.shtml
  * http://web.mit.edu/nelhage/Public/git-slides-2009.pdf
  * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7251477/what-are-the-differences-between-double-dot-and-triple-dot-in-git-dif

  * https://git-scm.com/docs/git-status
  * https://git-scm.com/docs/git-log
  * https://git-scm.com/docs/git-hash-object
  * https://git-scm.com/docs/git-cat-file
  * https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rev-parse
  * https://git-scm.com/docs/git-reflog